1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
1.2. Objectives
1.2.1 Outline and reading guidance
1.3. Concepts and definitions
2. EFFICIENCY AND EFECTIVENESS OF ADAPTATION
2.1. Defining efficiency and effectiveness of adaptation measures
2.2. Use cases for knowledge on efficiency and effectiveness
2.3. Linking to relevant policies
EU GREEN DEAL
ADAPTATION ASPECTS OF THE TAXONOMY REGULATION
EU ADAPTATION STRATEGY
JUST TRANSITION MECHANISM
EU CLIMATE LAW
EU REGULATION (2018/1999) AND IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (2020/1208)
2.4. Conclusion
3. ELEMENTS OF THE COST OF INACTION
3.1. Defining inaction
3.1.1 Establishing a baseline to define inaction
3.1.2 What costs should be included?
3.1.3 Challenges with implementing the ‘cost of inaction’
3.2. Methodological approaches to costs of inaction
3.2.1 Estimating the cost of inaction at the economy-wide level
3.2.2 Estimating the cost of inaction at the sector level
3.3. Minimum information required to estimate inaction
Building block 1: Baseline
Building block 2: Socio-economic scenarios
Building block 3: Climate projections
Building block 4: Impacts
Building block 5: Monetary valuation
Stepwise approach to calculate the cost of inaction at national level:
3.4. Gaps and further research perspectives
4. ELEMENTS ON THE COST OF ADAPTATION
4.1 Defining the costs of adaptation
4.2 Minimum information required to estimate costs of adaptation
4.2.1 Building block 1: Defining economic, social, and environmental impacts of climate change
4.2.2 Building block 2: Defining adaptation targets
4.2.3 Building block 3: Identifying adaptation options
4.2.4 Building block 4: Identifying climate adaptation potential of other investments
4.2.5 Building block 5: Monetizing adaptation
4.3 Methodological approaches to costs of adaptation
4.3.1 Methodologies for estimating investment needs for adaptation
4.3.2 Methodologies for tracking adaptation costs at the national level
4.4 Gaps and recommendations for future research
5. BENEFITS OF ADAPTATION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The selection of adaptation options determines the benefits
5.3 Beyond direct costs and benefits: co-benefits
5.4 Methodologies
5.4.1 Recent methodologies
5.4.2 Most common methodologies
5.5 Current gaps and opportunities of improvement in Europe
6. COSTS OF INACTION VS. COSTS OF ADAPTATION
6.1 Introduction
6.1 Best available knowledge on costs of adaptation vs. costs of inaction
6.2 “Costs of adaptation vs costs of inaction” and the “costs of adaptation vs benefits of adaptation”
6.3 Important points for interpreting results
REFERENCES