The study addresses the following aspects: 1. Identification of the types of costs associated with biodiversity policy in the EU: both direct and indirect as well as opportunity costs. 2. A review of the available literature to find any gaps in the cost analysis – such as the opportunity costs of conversion to other uses – and to assess the extent of these gaps. 3. An estimate of the total economic costs of biodiversity policy (including opportunity costs) in the EU. 4. Information on how to systematically fill any such gap in the future and on the methodologies that can be used to comprehensively address all types of economic costs.