1 Objectives and Approach
1.1 Background
1.2 Objectives and scope of the study
1.3 Definition of biodiversity and ecosystem actions
1.4 Methodological approach
2 Overview of Costs Incurred in selected categories of the EU Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP)
2.1 Foregone development opportunities
2.2 Natura 2000 (Category A)
2.3 National (terrestrial) protected areas (Category B)
2.4 Species conservation (Category C)
2.5 Conservation and restoration of High Nature Value Farmland (Category D)
2.6 Conservation and restoration of forest areas (Category D)
2.7 Conservation and restoration of biodiversity in the marine environment (Category E)
2.8 Wider environmental policy measures positively affecting biodiversity (Category F)
2.9 EU Strategy to combat Invasive Alien Species (Category F)
2.10 EU Research on biodiversity
3 Analysis and conclusions
3.1 Estimating overall costs and opportunity costs of biodiversity action at EU level
3.1.1 Brief summary on available cost estimates
3.1.2 Synthesis of cost incurred in EU biodiversity policies
3.2 Recommendations for a future methodology for estimating opportunity costs in biodiversity policies
3.2.1 Analysing cost types and their relevance for biodiversity actions
3.2.2 Calculating costs of biodiversity action across different policy areas
3.3 Conclusions
4 References
Annex A. Sources of synthesis: Literature review
Natura 2000
Species specific measures
Agri-environmental measures and HNV farmland
Forest conservation and forest management
The marine environmen
The UK Biodiversity Action Plan
Research and education
Annex B. Methodology of cost calculation for agri-environment payments
Annex C. Costs of Rural Development Programmes