1 Preface
2 Introduction
2.1 Background
2.2 Objective
2.3 Scope
2.4 Research Methods
2.5 Structure of the Report
3 The Institutional Framework and Actors
3.1 The National State
3.2 The Länder
3.2.1 Co-operation between Länder
LAWA 27
River Basin Co-operation
3.2.2 Municipalities
3.2.3 Co-operation between Municipalities
3.3 Standard-Setting Associations
3.4 Public Actors
4 Legal Framework and Transposition of the UWWT Directive
4.1 Effects on Direct Emitters
4.2 The Food and Beverages Industry
4.3 Effects on Indirect Emitters
4.4 Sewage Sludge Control
5 The Policy Output of the UWWT Directive
5.1 Rising Costs for Municipal Waste Water Disposal
5.2 Discussion about the Identification of Sensitive Areas
5.3 How to Meet the Requirements in Sensitive Areas
5.4 Organisational Structures
5.5 Problems of Parameter and Technical Harmonisation
6 The Policy Outcome of the UWWT Directive
6.1 Investment Levels, Financing Mechanisms, and Effects on Charges
6.2 The Technological Impact of the UWWT Directive
6.2.1 Development of Sewage Collection
6.2.2 Development of Sewage Treatment Plants
6.3 Surface Water Quality
6.4 Sewage Sludge Quantities
6.5 Changes with Respect to Organisational Structures
7 Discussion and Conclusion
8 References