Abbreviations
Introduction
1. Energy security in a geopolitical perspective
1.1 Energy in an international scenario
1.2 Towards a new energy world order
1.3 Oil in the international order
1.3.1 Oil in the world
1.3.2 European oil suppliers
1.4 The role of natural gas in the world and in Europe
1.4.1 Natural gas in the world
1.4.2 European natural gas suppliers,
1.5 Coal in the world and in Europe
1.6 European energy geopolitics: key regions
1.6.1 The Persian Gulf
1.6.2 The Caspian sea
1.6.3 Africa
1.7 Building spatial representations
1.8 Concluding remarks
2. Energy security and geopolitical impacts of renewable energy mega-projects
Visions and case studies
2.1 DESERTEC Vision
2.1.1 Background and Energy Policies
2.1.2 Energy Security Implications
2.1.3 Geopolitical Effects
2.1.4 Noor Concentrated Solar Power Case Study
Energy Security Implications
Geopolitical Effects
2.1.5 Assessment
2.2 The North Sea Offshore Grid
2.2.1 Background and Energy Policies
2.2.2 Energy Security Implications
2.2.3 Geopolitical Effects
2.2.4 Kriegers Flak Case Study
Energy Security Implications
Geopolitical Effects
2.2.5 Assessment
2.3 Concluding remarks
Renewable Energy Mega-project Overviews
Energy Security Results of Mega-projects
3. The realisation of GHG reduction targets assigned by 20/20/20 package and the National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAP)
3.1 Long term (1990-2011) changes in GHG emission level from EU countries
3.2 Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs)
3.2.1 Relation of the energy supplied by renewable sources to the gross final energy consumption (RES/energy)
3.2.2 Relation of RES electricity produced to the gross national electricity consumption (RES/electricity)
3.2.3 Conditioning factors of GHG reduction (2005-2012)
3.2.4 Social and economic conditions influencing the realisation of the climate policy
Living conditions
Mobility customs
Global climate awareness
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Central Europe
Mediterranean
4. Climate change and energy security objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Conceptualising the links between energy security and low-carbon policies
4.2.1 Energy security as a system property of the energy supply chain
4.2.2 Modelling the security of energy systems
4.3 Assessing energy security in a low-carbon pathway
4.3.1 New challenges for system robustness
4.3.2 New challenges for system and market adequacy
4.3.3 New challenges for system resilience
4.3.4 New challenges for system flexibility
4.3.5 New challenges for system stability
4.4 Concluding remarks
Conclusions
5. References