LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CARBON FARMING: OPTIONS AND MITIGATION POTENTIAL
2.1. Carbon farming options
2.1.1. Managing peatlands
2.1.2. Agroforestry
2.1.3. Maintain and enhance SOC on mineral soils
2.1.4. Livestock and manure management
2.1.5. Nutrient management on croplands and grasslands
2.2. Mitigation potential of carbon farming in the EU and key considerations
2.2.1. EU mitigation potential and sources of uncertainty
2.2.2. Distribution of carbon farming potential
2.3. Cross-cutting challenges for carbon farming
2.3.1. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV)
2.3.2. Permanence
2.3.3. Additionality
2.3.4. Co-benefits and risks of carbon farming
3. CARBON FARMING AS A BUSINESS MODEL
3.1. Models for carbon farming payments and mechanisms
3.1.1. Carbon farming payment types
3.1.2. Models for carbon farming mechanisms
3.2. Advantages and disadvantages of different carbon farming mechanism models
4. COSTS, FUNDING OPTIONS AND INCENTIVES
4.1. Carbon farming costs and barriers
4.1.1. Financial costs
4.1.2. Non-financial barriers to carbon farming uptake
4.2. Funding availability for carbon farming: public and private options
4.2.1. Private sources of finance for carbon farming - market-based and corporate supply chain mechanisms
4.2.2. Public sources of finance for carbon-farming
4.2.3. Contribution of EU research funding to carbon farming
4.3. Additional requirements for carbon farming uptake and effectiveness
5. CARBON FARMING AND ITS LINKS TO KEY EU POLICY AREAS
5.1. EU climate policy
5.1.1. Agriculture in the EU 2030 climate and energy policy framework
5.1.2. The Fit for 55 package
5.2. EU biodiversity policy
5.2.1. Legal obligations of Member States/regions for the conservation of farmland habitats and species under the EU Nature Directives
5.2.2. Implementation of the EU Nature Restoration Plan
5.3. EU Common Agricultural Policy
5.3.1. The new CAP delivery model for 2023-27
5.3.2. Member States’ choices on how to support carbon farming in their CSPs
5.3.3. Other CAP support for trans-national sharing of best practices and innovation in carbon farming
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES