Adaptation Measures in the EU: Policies, Costs, and Economic Assessment

    INTRODUCTION AND AIM OF THE REPORT
    METHODOLOGY
    2.1 Policy screening and identification of adaptation measures
    2.2 Costing of key measures
    2.3 Assessment of economic, social and environmental impacts of key measures
    SCREEN KEY POLICY AREAS AND IDENTIFY ADAPTATION MEASURES
    3.1 Energy
    3.1.1 Analysis of current EU policies towards climate change adaptation efforts
    3.1.2 Gap analysis
    3.1.3 The components of the energy system
    3.2 Infrastructure and Transport
    3.2.1 Analysis of current EU policies towards climate change adaptation efforts
    3.2.2 Gap analysis
    3.2.3 Examination of different transport modes
    3.3 Urban areas
    3.3.1 Analysis of current EU policies towards climate change adaptation efforts
    3.3.2 Gap analysis
    3.3.3 Examination of different components of urban areas
    3.4 Agriculture - Rural Development Programs and adaptation
    3.4.1 Next Rural Development Programmes
    3.4.2 Community strategic guidelines
    3.4.3 National strategy plans – the basis for national/region programmes
    3.4.4 The SWOT assessment as an entry point
    3.4.5 Adaptation measures that could be included under the current RD period
    COSTING OF FUTURE KEY MEASURES
    4.1 Energy
    4.1.1 Introduction, key impacts and key adaptation options
    4.1.2 Literature Review
    4.1.3 Adaptation costs in the electricity infrastructure
    4.1.3.1 Definition of concrete measures and costs to be transferred
    4.1.3.2 Cost transfer
    4.1.3.3 Results: Costs of adapting electricity grids in the EU
    4.1.3.4 Cost sharing
    4.1.4 Adaptation costs in the thermal power generation
    4.1.4.1 Definition of concrete measures and costs to be analysed
    4.1.4.2 Investment costs of alternative cooling systems
    4.1.4.3 Results: Costs of alternative cooling in Europe
    4.1.4.4 Costs of early warning systems for floods
    4.1.4.5 Cost sharing
    4.1.4.6 Excursion: Exposure of nuclear power plants to sea level rise
    4.1.5 Adaptation costs for electricity demand
    4.1.5.1 Definition of concrete measures and costs to be analysed
    4.1.5.2 Additional investment costs for high efficiency ventilation
    4.1.5.3 Cost sharing
    4.1.6 Summary of cost estimates
    4.2 Transport and Infrastructure
    4.2.1 Introduction and key impacts
    4.2.2 Literature Review
    4.2.3 Definition of concrete measures and costs
    4.2.4 Rail
    4.2.4.1 Retrofitting existing infrastructure concerning increased temperatures on tracks
    4.2.4.2 Retrofitting existing infrastructure on Railway Bridges
    4.2.4.3 Retrofitting existing infrastructure concerning increased temperatures on Air Conditioning
    4.2.5 Road
    4.2.5.1 Retrofitting existing infrastructure concerning increased temperature
    4.2.5.2 Retrofitting existing infrastructure concerning increased precipitation
    4.2.6 Aviation
    4.2.6.1 Retrofitting existing infrastructure of airports concerning increased temperature
    4.2.6.2 Retrofitting existing infrastructure of airports’ drainage system to increase of wet days
    4.2.7 Shipping
    4.2.7.1 Retrofitting existing infrastructure of shipping concerning extreme events
    4.2.8 Excursion: Cost estimates for the installation of additional hydrological stations concerning flood damages of all sectors
    4.2.9 Summary of cost estimates
    4.3 Urban areas:
    4.3.1 Introduction, key impacts and key adaptation options
    4.3.2 Literature Review
    4.3.3 Costs for green spaces
    4.3.3.1 Definition of concrete measures and costs to be analysed
    4.3.3.2 Cost estimation
    4.3.3.3 Procedure of estimation
    4.3.3.4 Results
    4.3.3.5 Cost sharing
    4.3.4 Costs for green roofs
    4.3.4.1 Definition of concrete measures and costs to be analysed
    4.3.4.2 Cost estimation
    4.3.4.3 Cost sharing
    4.3.5 Summary of cost estimates
    4.4 Agriculture:
    4.4.1 Introduction, key impacts and key adaptation options
    4.4.2 Literature Review
    4.4.3 Irrigation
    4.4.3.1 Definition of concrete measures and costs to be analysed
    4.4.3.2 Cost estimation
    4.4.3.3 Results
    4.4.3.4 Cost sharing
    4.4.4 Cooling of stables
    4.4.5 Farm advice
    4.4.5.1 Definition of concrete measures and costs to be analysed
    4.4.5.2 Cost estimation
    4.4.5.3 Results
    4.4.5.4 Cost sharing
    4.4.6 Summary of cost estimates
    ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF KEY MEASURES
    5.1 Energy
    5.1.1 'Climate Proofing' measures for the Energy Sector – Adaptation of the European electricity infrastructure
    5.1.2 Basic information
    5.1.3 Effectiveness of adaptation
    5.1.4 Efficiency/ costs and benefits
    5.1.4.1 Electricity infrastructure
    5.1.4.2 Electricity Demand
    5.1.5 Side effects
    5.1.5.1 Economic side effects
    5.1.5.2 Environmental side effects
    5.1.5.3 Social side effects
    5.2 Transport
    5.2.1 'Climate Proofing' measures for the Transport Sector – Adaptation of the Transport infrastructure
    5.2.2 Basic information
    5.2.3 Effectiveness of adaptation
    5.2.4 Efficiency/ costs and benefits
    5.2.4.1 Rail Transport – Retrofitting existing infrastructure concerning increased temperatures (Track buckling)
    5.2.4.2 Road Transport – Retrofitting existing infrastructure concerning increased temperatures (heat resistant asphalt)
    5.2.4.3 Comparison costs and benefits
    5.2.4.4 Road Transport – Retrofitting existing infrastructure concerning increased precipitation (drainage systems)
    5.2.4.5 Comparison costs and benefits
    5.2.5 Side effects
    5.2.5.1 Economic side effects
    5.2.5.2 Environmental side effects
    5.2.5.3 Social side effects
    5.3 Urban Areas
    5.3.1 Climate Proofing' measures for Urban Areas – Adaptation in Urban Areas
    5.3.2 Basic information
    5.3.3 Effectiveness of adaptation
    5.3.4 Efficiency/ costs and benefits
    5.3.4.1 Green Space
    5.3.4.2 Green roofs
    5.3.5 Side effects
    5.3.5.1 Economic side effects
    5.3.5.2 Environmental side effects
    5.3.5.3 Social side effects
    5.4 Agriculture
    5.4.1 ‘Climate Proofing' measures for Agriculture – with a focus on irrigation as an adaptation measure
    5.4.1.1 Irrigation as adaptation measure
    5.4.1.2 Agriculture is not the highest value water user
    5.4.1.3 Droughts can hit harder productivity levels in other sectors
    5.16.4 Increased irrigation can affect directly other economic activities
    5.16.5 Example of competing uses for water resources
    REFERENCES
    6.1 Chapter 3
    6.1.1 Energy
    6.1.2 Transport
    6.1.3 Urban areas
    6.2 Chapter 4
    6.2.1 Energy
    6.2.2 Transport and Infrastructure
    6.2.3 Urban Areas
    6.2.4 Agriculture
    6.3 Chapter 5
    6.3.1 Energy
    6.3.2 Transport and Infrastructure
    6.3.3 Urban areas
    6.3.4 Agriculture

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