1 Executive Summary
2 Introduction
2.1 Background
2.2 Objectives
2.3 Sources of data
2.4 Analytical Framework
3 Spectrum of projects using ecosystem-based approaches
4 Integration of ecosystem-based approaches into EU policies and national adaptation strategies
4.1 EU Strategies
4.2 National Strategies
4.2.1 Ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation
4.2.2 Ecosystem-based approaches to mitigation
4.3 Sector Strategies
4.3.1 Ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation
4.3.2 Ecosystem-based approaches to mitigation
4.4 Cross-sectoral issues
4.5 Barriers to integration at the EU and national level
4.6 Discussion and conclusions
5 Process of design and implementation of ecosystem-based approaches at project level
5.1 Drivers behind the application of ecosystem-based approaches
5.2 Project set-up and implementation
5.2.1 Management structure
5.2.2 Financing of projects
5.2.3 Monitoring and evaluation
5.2.4 Building public awareness and stakeholder involvement
5.3 Barriers and Opportunities
5.3.1 Capacity issues
5.3.2 Structural or operational issues
5.3.3 Organizational culture, individual behaviour and awareness
5.3.4 Regulations, policies and legislation
5.3.5 Political and socioeconomic context
5.4 Concluding remarks
6 Cost and benefits of projects using ecosystem-based approaches
6.1 Cost and benefit typology
6.2 Case study results
6.2.1 Wallasea Island Wild Coast (UK)
6.2.2 Augustenborg, Malmö (SE)
6.2.3 De Doorbraak (NL)
6.2.4 Forest Rehabilitation Krkonose and Sumava National Parks (CZ)
6.2.5 Restoring peatlands in Belarus (BY)
6.3 Comparison to traditional engineered approaches
6.4 Concluding remarks
7 Lessons and recommendations for future projects using ecosystem-based approaches
7.1 Application of ecosystem-based approaches in Europe
7.2 Strengthening the integration of ecosystem-based approaches at EU level
7.3 Success factors enhancing the integration and implementation of ecosystem-based approaches at national and regional level
8 References
Annex A: EU Policy papers and strategies reviewed
Annex B: Detailed adaptation actions for biodiversity